Researching for Historical Accuracy: Using Primary Documents for Understanding


Primary documents are essential for understanding events and people. Primary documents can be any of the following, as long as they are created at the time something happened:

  • Artifacts (physical objects)   
  • Maps   
  • Posters
  • Pictures   
  • Letters  
  • Sound Recordings
  • Photographs   
  • Diaries  
  • Motion Pictures
  • Drawings   
  • Advertisements   
  • Cartoons
  • Newspapers   
  • Magazines  
  • Census Reports
  • Telegrams   
  • Memoranda   
  • Press Releases
  • Patents   
  • Reports   
  • Congressional Records
  • Speeches (transcripts or recordings)       

 

ALL SOURCES MUST BE CITED WHEN USED IN ANY PROJECT. See the Citation tools page for samples of citations and MLA formatting guidelines.

Where to Find Primary Documents:


Books
    Many books have primary sources in them. This may mean that the whole book is a primary source, like an autobiography or diary or a book of letters, or it may mean that a secondary source CONTAINS primary source material.

    There are many books available online. Many are available through databases to which the library subscribes. Some additional sites are listed below:

Library of Congress: American Memory Collection
http://www.loc.gov

Bartleby.com - Great Books Online
http://www.bartleby.com

Project Gutenberg
http://www.gutenberg.com

Google Books (may not be whole book, but can look at many books inside)
http://books.google.com

World Digital Library
Databases
    Most online databases now provide access to primary sources. Passwords for these are listed in your passbooks on pages 38-39. Go to Library and select High School Databases.
Ones to try include:
  • Social Studies
  • Student Resources in Context 
  • Daily Life Online: Daily Life Through History
  • World Book Online
  • Britannica Online
  • Gale Virtual Reference Library

Internet
    There are many places on the Web to find primary sources. Listed below are some of the best. Be patient with these sites and be willing to explore. You WILL be rewarded for your efforts!

You may also want to try searching for your topic, followed by the term primary documents. Evaluate all sites for authority, accuracy, bias, and currency.

National Archives and Records Administration (NARA)

http://www.archives.gov

Library of Congress (Try the Digital Preservation, American Memory, and Prints & Photographs, and more)
 
 
Smithsonian Institution (Choose from a variety of online research tools.)
Use this address to get information on citing sources from the Archives. http://siarchives.si.edu/services/rights-and-reproduction
 
 
High-quality archival photos from the Bettman Archives.
(May be blocked from school.)
 
 
Access images from museums, etc.
(may be blocked from school)
 
Bridgeman Art Culture History
Find images from over 8,000 collections.
 
Bridgeman Art Culture History Site subcollection.

Digital History (Contains links to museums, archives, and more)

Cornell Library Digital Collections

Internet Public Library – Historical Documents and Sources
 
Photos with commentary.
 
 
Creative Commons
Users of this site have created licenses for their work, which means it is sometimes easier to cite.